Friday, December 27, 2019

Renaissance Literature - Romeo and Juliet - 1835 Words

Renaissance Essay In what ways is ‘the other’ explored in two of the plays studied in Semester 1? Shakespeare’s plays have always had a hard-hitting effect on their audiences as they are often used as a vehicle to explore fears or concerns of the time. In the two tragic plays, ‘Romeo and Juliet’ and ‘Anthony and Cleopatra’, Shakespeare uses mythology, issues of power and sexuality and in particular concentrates on the concept of ‘the other’. In this use of the term ‘the other’ we are referring to foreign elements, people or objects not from or associated with mainstream society, and in the context of the essay, the mainstream society of England in Shakespeare’s era. ‘Romeo and Juliet is set in Verona, so some of its cultural details†¦show more content†¦The frightening concept of exile would heighten the dramatic effect of the play for its audience. Apart from Romeo and Juliet, who have viewed each other as individuals and have rejected following their families beliefs, the Montagues ands Capulets have a prejudice towards each other, viewing the opposing house as ‘the other’. This results in tension and violence, spurned by a fear of the unknown as they fail to identify people as individuals and live by stereotypes of past conflicts, which in turn leads to the death of the plays protagonists. Morals to the story? Get to know people – romeo and Juliet wer unaware that they wer from rival houses It’s important to consider that in Shakespeare’s day ‘Italy was exotic, or ‘other’ (Romeo and Juliet Handout pg. 2) enabling him to write a play with more colourful and vibrant characters with a more extravagant plot and still maintain a sense of realism as the popular belief of Italy was that it was ‘a place of poetry, romance and sophistication; but also of violent passions, deadly feuds, treachery and sensational events’ (Romeo and Juliet Handout pg.2). The fact that Italy was regarded in this way enabled to plain to retain a sense of realism, as having these ‘sensational’ events unfold in England would be hard for the audience to accept, due to the mundane Puritan ideology associated with England in the era. ‘The other’ is an ideology that has been used in both ‘Romeo and Juliet’ and ‘Antony and Cleopatra’ to portrayShow MoreRelatedSocial Classes Romeo And Juliet1562 Words   |  7 PagesMs. Groff World Literature 3 March, 2016 Social Classes Romeo and Juliet George Edward Woodberry once said, â€Å"Shakespeare is, essentially, the emanation of the Renaissance. The overflow of his fame on the Continent in later years was but the sequel of the flood of the Renaissance in Western Europe. He was the child of that great movement, and marks its height as it penetrated the North with civilization† (â€Å"George Edward Woodberry Quote†). The Renaissance, as Woodberry stated within his quote, wouldRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pagestheater-going public the most important dramatist in English literature, Shakespeare occupies a well-known position in the world of talented authors. His canon contains thirty-seven plays, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Additionally, throughout the years, they continue to sustain critical attention, with the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timele ss appeal of star-crossed lovers. TheirRead MoreConflict Within Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare1295 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout Romeo and Juliet the theme of conflict is conveyed in many forms, mostly through physical violence; reflected in the era of the Renaissance where there was political turmoil and many European nations were at war. Shakespeare presents the theme in other forms as well; family versus family, sacred versus profane, parent versus child and language versus inner conflict. Conflict is a key in the structure of the play; it is highlighted in the beginning, middle and end. As an audience we areRead MoreSignificant Themes Found in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet 890 Words   |  4 PagesOn awakening from the long slumber of the Dark Ages, the Renaissance was a time of rebirth of culture in Europe. Writers of the time such as Christopher Marlowe and Sir Phillip Sydney created literature that was bold and innovative. Dramatists revived and reinvented the c lassical traditions of the Greeks and Romans, however no one seemed to match William Shakespeare in terms of variety, profundity, and exquisite use of language (http://www.online-literature.com). Known as the most famous loveRead MoreLove and Marriage in Renaissance Literature Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesLove and Marriage in Renaissance Literature In medieval Europe, the troubadours (poets of the southern part of France), like Guilhem IX, or Cercamon, first began to write poems about humble men falling in love with women who were admirer and adored by their lovers. Furthermore, intense love between men and women became a central subject in European literature, like between Tristan and Iseult, Lancelot and Guinevere, or Aeneas and Dido. But it was not question of marriageRead MoreEssay on Consequences of Love and Hate Explored in Romeo and Juliet1075 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, the play Romeo and Juliet is written in a poetic disquisition that distinguishes many timeless themes. These themes transcend the boundaries of this perennial classic into the foundation of many prevailing modern-day literary workings. Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in the late fifteen hundreds in the riveting city of Verona, Italy, where it has since been revered as one of the most preeminent and recognized play’s in history. Romeo and Juliet explores the extents of humanRead MoreLove and Marriage in Renaissance Literature1228 Words   |  5 PagesFurthermore, intense love between men and women became a central subject in European literature, like between Tristan and Iseult, Lancelot and Guinevere, or Aeneas and Dido. But it was not question of marriage. Actually, marriage and love did not match very well together but then Renaissance literature developed the concepts of love and marriage and recorded the evolution of the relation between them. In the Renaissance poetry, Donne, in The Good Morrow, celebrate love and sexuality in marriage. HoweverRead MoreThe Senseless Couple: Romeo and Juliets Tragedy1157 Words   |  5 PagesIs love worth it all? As publicized in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, reckless decisions may possibly lead to an unforeseen and dreadful conclusion. He also makes it known that if feelings about a situation are over dramatized they can cause a hazardous faux pas. That is exactly what Romeo, Juliet, and Friar Lawrence implement in Shakespeare’s tragedy. In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, the major characters cause the tragic outcome of the drama through their bad choices and decisions. Read More A Psychological Analysis of Romeo and Juliet Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesA Psychological Analysis of Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet was obviously not written to fit the psychoanalytic model, as the theories of Freud were not developed for centuries after Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote to Renaissance England, a culture so heavily steeped in Christianity, that it would have blushed at the instinctual and sexual thrust of Freud’s theory. However, in order to keep literature alive and relevant, a culture must continually reinterpret the themes and ideas of past worksRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1328 Words   |  6 PagesIn my time reading stories, plays, and poetry from British literature most of the things i am generally interested in reading is Shakespeare plays. Most notably, Romeo and Juliet as being one of my personal favorites.Throughout the entirety reading the play i’ve noticed how much the themes play a role in the effect the characters and their surroundings,resulting in a tragic ending. From some examples, how fate plays into Romeo and Juliet being â€Å" star-cross’d lovers† and, the theme of love playing

Thursday, December 19, 2019

How Ancient Egypt Has Been Fighting A War Since The Age Of...

Egypt has been fighting a war since the age of the bible. In a biblical sense the Egyptians has always been people of great resilience. The ten plagues could not hold this nation down. For almost 30 centuries—from its unification around 3100 B.C. to its conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.—ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world. From the great pyramids of the Old Kingdom through the military conquests of the New Kingdom, Egypt’s majesty has long entranced archaeologists and historians and created a vibrant field of study all its own: Egyptology. The main sources of information about ancient Egypt are the many monuments, objects and artifacts that have been recovered from archaeological sites, covered with hieroglyphs that have only recently been deciphered. The picture that emerges is of a culture with few equals in the beauty of its art, the accomplishment of its architecture or the richness of its religious traditions. ( Ancient Egypt. (n.d.). Monuments According to Tilley (1994; 1996) landscapes are experienced and known through the movement of the human body in space and time. Because landscape plays such an important role in the constitution of self-identity, controlling knowledge of it may become a primary resource in the creation and reproduction of repressive power or structures of social dominance. This control could be expressed in one way, through the symbolically effective placing of monuments in the landscape.Show MoreRelated Essay on Women in Iliad, Odyssey, and the Bible1544 Words   |  7 PagesRole of Women in Iliad, Odyssey, and the Bible Much is known of men in ancient civilizations, from the famous philosophers and mathematicians of Greece to the patriarchs and subsequent kings of the nation of Israel. It would seem, however, that history has forgotten the women of these times. What of the famous female thinkers of Ancient Greece, the distinguished stateswomen of Rome? What power did they hold? What was their position in societies of the distant past? A glimpse into the roles andRead MoreThe Scramble for Africa1154 Words   |  5 Pages What was the Scramble for Africa? The Scramble for Africa was a period of time where major European countries fought over and colonized land in Africa, stretching from South Africa to Egypt. The scramble for Africa began shortly after the slave trade, and ended at WW1, and is a strong representation of the ‘New Imperialism’. The first country to act was Belgium, who colonized Congo at 1885, but soon, other countries such as Portugal and Great Britain joined in in order to not miss out. FirstlyRead More Women in the Middle East and Greece Essay3931 Words   |  16 Pagesbegan my research in Turkey, Egypt, Morocco, and Greece. In Turkey, my main area of study was focused on the original idea of my learning plan. I concentrated on the Turkish womens steps toward their independence and success and the formal and informal changes that went along with this movement. In Morocco, my attention was drawn towards the Moudawana (Islamic Family Code) and how it greatly limited the freedom and status of a woman in her married life. In Egypt, I also called attention to aRead MoreA short term cause of World War I was Kosovo Day, which was a day for ethnic cleansing. This2800 Words   |  12 PagesA short term cause of World War I was Kosovo Day, which was a day for ethnic cleansing. This relates to World War II because Hitler had extermination camps to kill the Jews, and whoever else he didnt see fit to be in the world. The failure of the Directory eventually lead to the rise of Napoleon because in 1797, there were new elections. Because they couldnt agree on things, they relied on the military. So in 1799, the coup detat came about and led to Napoleon gaining power. (textbook pg. 552)Read MoreProblematize the Exodus-Liberation-Settlement Motif from the Adivasi Perspective5585 Words   |  23 PagesIsraelites faced during staying in Egypt and how God response to their crying by liberated them from the hand of the Egyptian and also how they enter and settled in Canaan. But, this liberation of the Israelite by God create an impact on the indigenous people of the Canaan, we could see there are many problems or difficulties of Canaanite in mix up with Israelites either in culture, religious and social as a whole. We will also see the situation of Adivasi in India how they are suppressed by the oppressorsRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pages page 5 HOW DID control over water resources influence early Middle Eastern civilizations? ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN EMPIRES page 14 HOW DID conquest and trade shape early empires in the Near East? EARLY INDIAN CIVILIZATION page 16 WHAT INFLUENCES did the first Indus valley civilization have on later Indian religious and social practices? EARLY CHINESE CIVILIZATION page 23 WHY DID large territorial states arise in ancient China? THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION IN THE AMERICAS page 27 HOW DID agricultureRead MoreA Description of the Theme of Kingship Found in Corpus Genesis3046 Words   |  12 Pagesquestion has arisen as to whether Joshua is history or indeed what type of writing the book of Joshua actually is. History is reported to never be the simple recording of bare uninterrupted facts about the past. (Creach, 2003) In fact Creach (2003) states that this type of writing, or that of Joshua certainly must have been classified as the kind of history that was written in the ancient world to trace national origins and to support nationalistic goals. The reading of Joshua has been statedRead More Paganism In Christianity Essay3102 Words   |  13 Pagespractices. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Religions have in common three things, then: first, a supernatural being to worship; second, a commitment to this being; third, a set of rules to guide the follower through his or her devotion. Throughout the ancient world, there were many different peoples worshipping in many different ways, as there still is today. Many of these religions were polytheistic in nature, and were of the etiological type. Greco-Roman religion in particular was the basis for a richRead MoreIsrael-Palestine3340 Words   |  14 Pagesconflict. This might lead to war between countries if conflict is not handled carefully. Today it is almost a norm to see countries engaging others in war. Today the greatest problem facing many nations is international relation. Countries have failed to live like decent neighbors. There is disunity among many nations. War between nations is caused by mistrust and tension. Nations purchase arms to stock their armory. Major inventions are made daily in out on nuclear power and how to develop sophiscatedRead MoreReligion And Its Role Within Societies 600 B.c11006 Words   |  45 Pagesto live by. Religion has been a dominant cultural, ethical, and political force throughout human history, both recent and ancient. Religion has been science and asylum for many generations of very many people, uniting them in their common faith. Temples were built for people to pray and perform sacrifice in, giving the people a common cause to live for and thereby creating personal relations between people even before you got to know them. The unique features of ancient religions were that they

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Promotional Mix free essay sample

Creative Product Promotion You are on work experience with large marketing consultant and have been asked to investigate some marketing/promotion situations as part of a research project they are working on. Carry out the following tasks for them and present your research in a professional report Task 1 (P1) Describe the promotional mix used by two selected organisations for a selected product/service. Use a high street retailer of your choice and a business of your choice, which provides a service. Using these two organisations, you must describe the promotional mix they use to communicate information about their products or services to their customers. †¢You should include a description of the promotional methods they use. †¢Include pictures and examples where possible. †¢You should explain what the promotional mix is designed to do and how the business will benefit by using the particular mix they have chosen. Promotional Mix: The promotional mix is how a business a ttempts to promote their business to a specific target audience. Advertising is used by innocent most effectively than other methods of the promotional mix, methods of advertising they use is they have links with popular children’s websites such as ‘club penguin’ , Innocent also put adverts on the TV. Another method of advertising Innocent use is that they sell magnets along with their smoothies this is effective as it appeals to their target audience. Innocent use advertising most effectively out of the promotional mix as they appeal to their target audience. Innocent use advertising as they are a new company who need recognition so their TV adverts are memorable and funny and they show their personality this links to matching their target audience well with how they advertise. Innocent use sales promotion effectively as they have used promotions such as the free magnets ad club penguin deals, as if they are linked with things such as club penguin people who use club penguin will be more likely to buy their pouts as I benefits them and linking with a big business like Disney which runs club penguin means that it helps appeal to more of their target audience, while giving them a better image and giving them a funnier personality. The innocent website ad Facebook page work effectively with their sales promotion as it uses fun ad games to promote their products while appealing to their audience at the same time. Innocent also use other methods of the promotional mix such as public relations. Innocent use this to get more sales for example inviting the press to a release of a new product so that they report about it and notify the public this will then help increase their audience ad gain more customers. The press an affect the sales a business makes as if they give a bad review and the company gets bad press they will lose customers instead of gaining them. This is effective because customers can get an unbiased opinion of the products, however it is a risky element of the promotional mix as the product/ company might get a bad review and loose customers but if the public like the product then it will gain sales. Elements of the promotional mix that innocent do not use: Things such as direct marketing and personal selling are not used as effectively by innocent because they sell straight to the store such as Tesco or a wholesaler because it keeps their products staying fresher, they will sell more as they will become more reliable as they are always in the shops unlike Avon which you have to wait weeks until you get your product and chose your products and thy well have a wider customer base, this is why they use advertising so effectively as It continues to get their items bought from the wholesaler. An example of personal selling is a car salesperson persuading you to buy a car, innocent do not use this as it would not be worth it, as they would have to pay for a person to sell the products and they would have to sell a lot before they make a large profit. A person would also have to walk around all day with the produce in the heat which can affect the produce. Innocent don’t use direct marketing as they sell their goods to big supermarkets and they don’t have to sell to the customers so it’s up to the supermarket to tell the customer about the products and deals etc. The promotional mix is used well by innocent as their adverts help get them customers and raise awareness of their brand, and appeal to their target audience. Innocent don’t use direct marketing or persona selling as they don’t sell to the customers personally they sell it to supermarkets instead or the wholesaler. Once they have sold their products to the wholesaler or  supermarkets they no longer will have to sell their produce however they do have to still advertise as they need the customers to want to buy their products from the supermarkets etc. so then the supermarket will continue to stock their brand. They use the distribution channels the way they do to make sure their products stay fresh for the customer and they are kept in good condition and by selling to supermarkets before the customer it will help show their brand to a wider audience and help increase awareness of their brand. The promotional mix used by innocent is appropriate because it has worked and their business is expanding and getting larger, they also have a reliable customer base in England which will help them if they decide to sell in America. This is because they have advertised their business a lot and because of their uses of advertising this means they have a wider audience which ranges from children to adults and any gender.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Sickle cell disease Essay Example

Sickle cell disease Essay Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood dysfunction that affects hemoglobin or red blood cells which transports oxygen to the rest of the body. The disease got its name because affected hemoglobin exhibits a sickle instead of manifesting the usual disc or doughnut-like shape of a normal cell. When a normal blood cell discharges oxygen in the body, it still maintains its normal shape. In a diseased cell, however, the cell becomes sickle-shaped. normal blood cells are also pliable, easily moved in the vessels of the blood through the bloodstream (Bloom 1995). This is not the case for cells afflicted with the disease. They are rigid and more often than not, get wedged and trapped in blood vessels, impeding blood flow. Normal blood cells in contrast to damaged ones subsist in the system for about 120 days, while the live for half the same time or even in some cases, less. The lowering of hemoglobin/red blood cell levels in the body eventually leads to anemia. It is also possible for an individual to develop other health problems like increased heart rate, blindness, exhaustion, respiratory diseases and skin breakouts (Bloom 1995). Types and terminology People who have sickle cell gene could either have the sickle cell trait (trait was inherited from one of the parent) or sickle cell anemia, which is inherited if both parents have the sickle cell trait. For a person to be afflicted with the sickle cell disease (Hemoglobin SS), he must inherit both genes from his parents. If both genes are copied from the parents, the child is homozygous and will have the anemia. A single copy of the gene makes a child heterozygous to the disease and the child could either have the other two types of this disease (Hemoglobin SC disease and Hemoglobin sickle beta-thalassemia). Having only inherited a trait from one of the parents will not result in sickle cell anemia or Hemoglobin SS, however, it will increase his chances of passing the disease to his offspring, especially if his/her partner also have the same genetic factor. In some instances, he may exhibit mild symptoms of the disorder. (Steinberg 1999). We will write a custom essay sample on Sickle cell disease specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sickle cell disease specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sickle cell disease specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sickle cell disease is a disorder that is now a world-wide problem. Initially though of as only affecting people with African ancestry, the disease is now prevalent in countries found in the Mediterranean region, North and South America, the West Indies and Eastern Europe.   In the United States alone, one out of 10 African Americans is heterozygous while one out of every 400 African Americans are homozygous. (Steinberg 1999). Signs and symptoms Symptoms of the disease vary at every age group. In children, especially infants, the signs do not manifest until the child reaches the third or up to its first year because of the high levels of HbF prevalent in the blood. Common symptoms include inflammation of limbs, nosebleeds, shortness of breath, respiratory infections, high fever and pain in the chest, belly, hands and feet and the joins/cartilages. In toddlers and children in general, there are several indications that suggest that the disease is active. Children normally complain of extreme pain, usually in the limbs and the back area, yellowish complexion, anemia, extreme fatigue and mood swings. It is also common for children to exhibit bedwetting (NIH 2002). From puberty to adulthood, patients complain of increased severity of pain, particularly in the joints/bones. The individual may also experience gum problems, skin ulcers and delayed puberty in teens. At this point, the anemia continues to progress (NIH 2002). At all age levels, the most common denominator is pain. The experience of pain varies from individual to individual. Some do not experience it but those who do describe the feeling as akin to a constant pounding pain, especially in the bone area. Sickle cell patients also have a higher risk or more prone to both minor and life-threatening ailments because of lowered anti-bodies. Individuals with sickle cell disease, especially children are more susceptible to meningitis. An infant can immediately die from it within a few hours. Roughly ten percent of sickle cell patients may suffer stroke at age 20. When the patient suffers a stroke, it diminishes his/her mobility, mental faculties and may even lead to retardation. Males also may suffer from erectile dysfunction (priapism) that may lead to impotence. There is also an increase risk of blindness due to retinal damage (Steinberg 1999).   . Diagnosis It is advisable for people who belong to ethnicities that have high percentages of risk factors to undergo screening/diagnostic examination in order to detect any abnormalities in their Hb types.   In cases where both parents are identified to having sickle cell traits, a prenatal prognosis is advised. If the results are positive, it is recommended for the parents to undergo counseling in order to establish if they would continue with the pregnancy or opt for a termination. In cases where the trait is not yet identified, it is recommended to undergo an Amniocentesis screening at antenatal clinics before planning to have a baby. (NIH 2002). There are some cases of mild or manageable sickle cell disease in children whose parents both have sickle cell traits; unfortunately there is no foolproof way of determining this from the initial results of the screening. In the onset, the parents who plan to continue to have children despite the risk of passing the disease should take into consideration the odds – the status of available therapies, pain and disease management, the chances of their child suffering from debilitating pain, increased medical care/expenditures and the likelihood of a shorter natural life. Parents who chose to keep their offspring are advised to be attentive and in constant communiquà © with their doctors/physicians because there is always the risk of the child acquiring a life-threatening illness (NIH 2002). There is also modern technique being practiced called the preimplantation genetic diagnosis. This procedure is applicable for in-vitro pregnancies to check for the existence or lack of sickle-cell mutation in the fertilized eggs (NIH 2002). In a majority of hospitals in the United States, infants are immediately screened upon birth through a simple blood test. In forty-four states and territories, this screening is now mandatory. If diagnosed early on, the child has greater chances of survival and led a more productive life (NIH 2002). In teens and adults, a hemoglobin electrophoresis test is recommended. This simple blood test could easily be administered by a doctor or at sickle cell foundations throughout the US. It is also important to undergo other screenings to rule out conditions/ailments that mimics the symptoms of the disease. There is a degree of difficulty in establishing bone tissue disorders with symptoms associated with sickle cell disease. More often, the presiding physician would recommend magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or bone scans. Other disorders that may be mistaken for sickle cell disease include the following:   diseases of the liver, hepatitis, kidney dysfunction, rheumatic fever and heart disease.   There are also other genetic anomalies that may lead to sickling of hemoglobin without resulting to any devastating damage (i.e. hemoglobin I, Bart’s hemoglobin and hemoglobin C). (Steinberg 2001). Pathophysiology Since hemoglobin is a vital component of red blood cells, the abnormality that is found in people with this disease is exemplified in the three kinds of hemoglobin: Hemoglobin A (HbA), Hemoglobin S (HbS) and Hemoglobin F (HbF). The normal red blood cells that are produced from childhood to adulthood have the HbA molecule. The abnormal variant of HbA or HbS has an abnormality on one of the proteins that makes up its beta globin amino acid profile. Even a fraction of an abnormality in this amino acid chain could have devastating results in the system. HbF is the hemoglobin molecule produced during the development of the fetus in the womb and during a short period after the birth has taken place. There are also some instances wherein people still have HbF in their system throughout their lifetime. In most cases, these molecules are replaced by a majority of HbA. HbF have properties which block the production of sickle-cells. Because of its existence during fetal development, children th at are homozygous do not immediately contract sickle cell anemia. If the child continues to have the HbF molecule in their lifetime, the child has better protection against the devastating effects of the disease. This is the reason why HbF is being used as a foundation for modern therapies on sickle cell disease. (Steinberg 2001). The disease is an outcome of the alteration that takes place in the HbS. The vicious effect of the sickle cell initiates when it loses the oxygen that is inherent in its consistency. As soon as the affected cells loses oxygen or deoxygenated, it transforms into polymers. Polymers are rigid and are characterized as having a crescent shape. This polymerization process is the key transformation that eventually leads to further cell damage and illness. In addition to being rigid, polymers have a glue-like consistency, unable to pass through blood vessels and capillary like normal cells do. They obstruct proper blood flow by sticking to the walls of the blood vessels.   Hypoxia or the lack of oxygen will cause severe pain, the onset of the sickle cell crisis. In the long run, organ damage will continue and the pain will progress from severe to chronic.   Because of lack of oxygen, the environment develops more acid and speeds up the process of the polymerization of the rest of the hea lthy blood cells (Steinberg 2001). Polymerization also causes dehydration in the cell by limiting the distribution of both water and potassium. In order for normal cells to survive, a balance of retaining and flushing liquids must be met. Once the cell is afflicted and becomes dehydrated, it produces more calcium, increasing the production levels of HbS and increasing the pace of sickle cell anemia (Steinberg 2001). The increase of HbS also contributes to the elimination of the clotting agent of the blood (nitric oxide). Nitric oxide is also the component of the blood that keeps the blood vessels pliable and supple. This deficiency will later result in extreme pain. In people who have inherited the disease, the degree of the damage in the body depends on several aspects. First is the severity of the deoxygenation. If there are high levels of oxygen loss, it will result to severe pain and organ destruction, particularly the respiratory system. Once the lungs are affected, it leads to sharp and excruciating chest pain. Second aspect is the degree of acidity found in the bloodstream. If the body’s acid levels are lower, it will result in less organ damage. Normally if the sickle cells are active, it affects parts of the body that are naturally acidic – i.e. spleen. Third factor is the number or concentration of HbS. If the number of HbS in the system is manageable, the more beneficial it is for the patient. Last is the existence of HbF in the body. As mentioned earlier, some individuals retain this molecule from childhood to adulthood. If the level of HbF, for instance, is high, then the easier it is to manage the disease and apply appropriate therapy (NIH 2002). Genetics Genetics play a vital role in understanding and managing the disease. The genetic structure of the sickle cell anemia was first studied and discovered by Nobel-prize winning chemist Linus Pauling in 1949. In his study, he mentioned that the disease was caused by the abnormal mutation in the protein structure of the hemoglobin. It was also the first disease that was distinguished using molecular studies (Steinberg 1999). The chromosome that is affected by this abnormality is chromosome 11. Although the mutation is only a small part of the composition of the chromosome mentioned, the alteration in the chemical discrepancy is enough to produce devastating results on the properties of the iron and protein complex of the hemoglobin. (Steinberg 1999). The protein composition of the hemoglobin has four pairs of two alpha globin and two beta globin. These pairs are being determined by the a and b globin genes. To ensure proper function, these four pairs must work with one another. In the case of sickle cell anemia, the b globin gene mutates and as a result of the alteration, produces a non-polar protein called valine, instead of glutamic acid, the electrically charged protein. The polymerization also produces the glue-like consistency at the surface of the b pairs due to the lack of oxygen. The polymers adhere with each other and because of this mutation, affect the shape of the red blood cell and its ability to carry oxygen to the rest of the body (Steinberg 2001). There are several ways of inheriting this disease at varying levels of severity. If both parents have the same traits, the probability of a child being born normal is 1:4, for a child to be born with the disease the ratio is also set at 1:4. The chances of the child being born with the trait is 1:2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To inherit the sickle beta thalassemia, the probability of the parents in siring a child that will have beta thalassemia is set at a ratio of 1:4.   In this instance, the severity of the condition is unpredictable but in most cases quite manageable. The significance of the condition is based on the very nature of the beta thalassemia, whether it is bo or b+.   For parents who have one sickle trait and one hemoglobin C trait, the chance of the child in having hemoglobin SC is pegged at 1:4. Fortunately, this type of sickle cell is milder that sickle cell anemia (Steinberg 2001). Treatment Sickle Cell Disease cannot be cured because it is a genetic disorder. In the past 25 years, research and constant studies on the alleviation of its symptoms have dramatically improved, making it possible for patients to enjoy a better quality of life and longer life expectancy. Twenty-five years ago, life expectancy for patients was set at an average of 14 years. The mortality rate, especially with women was also high in the past twenty five years. Because of these advances and also better healthcare, the average lifespan is set at approximately 50 years or more. Women are also living longer, as a matter of fact, this demographic live longer than their male counterparts (NIH 2002). The identification of the biological and chemical behavior of the system, particularly the gene that encourages or inhibits the production of sickle cell is still subject for further and extensive research. Treatments are still at the experimental level and most are concerned with the fundamental development of the disease at its root level– the causality of polymerization in red blood cells.   There are three accepted approaches to treatment: fetal hemoglobin production, maintenance of hydration in cells and bone marrow transplants (NIH 2002). Because of initial research conducted which noted that fetal hemoglobin (HbF) effectively block red blood cells from sickling, current studies on the subject revealed that the symptoms of sickle cell anemia could be reduced by utilizing Hydroxyurea, a chemical that encourages   the production of HbF. This drug destroys HbS residing at the bone marrow, prompting an increase in the production of HbF (NIH 2002). This drug is the only widely accepted prescription for the prevention and reduction of chronic pain and crisis among patients, reducing to as much as 50% with continued use.   Initial studies have shown that the drug may have other benefits. Researchers are optimistic that the drug may also encourage the recovery of the spleen. The hydrating properties of the drug may in the long run, outweigh its effect in improving the production of HbF. A recent study in 2002 also indicated that prolonged use of the drugs greatly improve the health of the patients, resulting in lesser hospital admittance and transfusion (NIH 2002). The drug however is not a universal remedy because not all patients respond to the drug. Further studies are also needed to determine its long-term effect to the rehabilitation of the spleen, bone marrow, retinal complications, strokes, etc. In some cases, it was said to have stimulated skin breakouts in some, while others experienced contraindications like gastroenteritis, nausea, migraine,   skin discoloration, delirium and even shock.   Some are also concerned that long-term use might pose a risk for certain cancers and malignancies in pregnant mothers (NIH 2002). For patients who do not respond to Hydroxyurea, another alternative being targeted for use are Butyrates. Butyrates are by products of carbohydrates. It was reported in 2001 that  Ã‚   Butyrates therapy by intravenous administration improved in healing ulcers affected by sickle cell anemia. Researchers are optimistic that a combination of these two drugs will be available in the future (NIH 2002). There is also an interest in studying the processes that leads to cellular damage, significantly caused by dehydration and abnormal potassium release Studies have revealed the benefits of using accessible drugs like the antifungal component Clotrimazole, Magnesium and zinc in retaining the water within the red blood cell. Aside from retaining water, these drugs were said to have lowered incidents of crisis and prevented pain occurrence. Further research is still being conducted on the long-time implications of this form of treatment (Steinberg 2001). Among the three, bone marrow or stem cell transplant is considered to be the only true cure for this disease. Under this procedure, stem cells are cultivated from healthy bone marrow tissue acquired from a genetically linked donor. The stem cells would later develop into the three components of the blood – red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Through this process, the damaged cells of the patient will be replaced by the healthy producers of hemoglobin (Steinberg 2001). Currently this process is still being perfected and has yielded noteworthy results (up to 85% success rate) among the patients who have been selected for the procedure.  Ã‚   Possible candidates for this procedure are this with high risk of stroke, acute anemia and those suffering chronic pain. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of patients (about 7%) qualify for the for this procedure. It also has it share of complications. The mortality rate for patients who undergo this treatment is 1:10. There is also a possibility of rejection in which the antibodies of the patient may attack the healthy cells transplanted from the donor, even with anti-rejection drugs, the risk is still high. Other complications from this treatment are: upper respiratory infection, infertility and cancer (NIH 2002). The has also been studies to used stems cells obtained from placenta and umbilical cord to be used on individuals who have no genetic match. Stem cells harvested this way also reproduce/regenerate faster.  Ã‚   It was also assumed that because of the immaturity of the stems cells from these sources, the risk of rejection will be reduced. (Steinberg 2001) Gene therapy propositions which some researches are studying are based on a premise that the affected gene could be replaced directly by healthy genes to prevent the propagation of sickle cells in the system. So far, this procedure was only successfully applied to mice. Further studies and methods need to be developed to check its applicability to humans. Ambitious it may seem, the outcome is promising for this new school of treatment (Steinberg 2001). There is no proven and universal treatment for patients with this disease yet. Patients are living longer, more meaningful lives today because of more information and awareness in managing the disease. Regular visits to the physician, periodic physical examinations, proper rest and relaxation, avoidance of areas that might increase risk in acquiring complications/ailments and leading a healthy life style ensures well being and  Ã‚   maintenance (NIH 2002). Diet also plays a fundamental role in ensuring the body is strong enough to ward off complications and boost the production or healthy cells. Foods rich in pytochemicals, protein, omega 3, antioxidants, and beta carotene coupled with increase fluid intake will lessen the risks associated with the disorder. Doctors also advised increase in fluid intake and low impact exercises (NIH 2005). Food supplements like multivitamins, particularly B complex vitamins and folic acid (especially during pregnancy) are highly recommended to lower the risk of heart disease and strokes. The inclusion of minerals like zinc and magnesium are also beneficial to any therapeutic regimen as these minerals are known to encourage hydration in red blood cells (Allen 2005). The administration of analgesics during crisis also alleviates the pain to tolerable levels, reducing the need for hospitalization. Complimentary therapies like massages, aroma therapy and stress management helps lessen the recurrence of chronic pain (NIH 2002). More importantly, any chronic and debilitating disease places a lot of pressure and stress on the patient (especially children) and his family. It is imperative to have a strong family, social, and psychological support system and a positive outlook to effectively manage the disease (Allen 2005). The future in terms of treatment for this disease shows a lot of potential and progress, if the previous years are an indication of things to come. In   the past twenty five years, the life expectancy for sickle cell patients have more than doubled, the early screening of infants have been mandated by law in a many states and territories (NIH 2002).   More importantly, exploratory researches on the possible treatment for this disorder may be currently incomplete but fruitful. Hopefully, in the future, as more advancements in science, particularly genetic engineering takes place; mortality rates for this chronic disease will be a thing of the past.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Beach Burial Kenneth Slessor Essay Example

Beach Burial Kenneth Slessor Paper Beach Burial – Kenneth Slessor 1944 Kenneth Slessor, author of Beach Burial, was the Australian Official Correspondent in El Alamein, the Middle East during WWII. The author drew from his own experiences to write Beach Burial, a poem about the aftermath of a battle during WWII. It is a realistic and somber tribute to soldiers of all nations that died in the war. It illustrates how they are all united by one common enemy; death. It breaks the conventional war poem structure, as it is not a celebration of heroes, and shows no nationalistic or patriotic devotion. Instead, Kenneth Slessor has written about how soldiers lose their identity in war. He has chosen to start the poem lulling the readers into a false sense of calm, and by understating the calamity, we slowly realize he is talking about the dead soldiers, whether it be allies or enemies, being united. In Beach Burial, the author stresses the importance of all the soldiers being one, with them losing their identity during war, and them being joined together after death. The convoys of dead sailors come imply a repetitiveness and routine in the deaths, where he has dehumanizing them through the blunt language. The breath of wet season has washed their inscriptions/As blue as browned mens lips,. Through his descriptive language and simile, he has illustrated the soldiers washed away, and that their tombstones have no writing on them anymore, making them anonymous. Whether as enemies they fought,/Or fought with us, or neither; the sand joins them together, demonstrates that the men buried in the sands are not only anonymous but are joined together by the sand, whether they were friends or foes. Unknown seaman the ghostly pencil wavers and fades gives anonymity, and the word ghostly echoes the deaths. We will write a custom essay sample on Beach Burial Kenneth Slessor specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Beach Burial Kenneth Slessor specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Beach Burial Kenneth Slessor specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It shows that the pencil is indelible, and that although their bodies will decay, they wont be forgotten because they shall live on through the writing. Slessor utilizes a variety of literary devices and techniques to create a subdued tone. Long, slow, soft sounds (softly, humbly, convoys, sway, wander, rolls, foam) create a melancholy and passive tone. Sibilance in the next stanza of sob, someone and seem supports this ambience, as well as the alliteration of soft sounds and internal rhyme of the words shallows and burrows. The rhyme structure (ABCB) and the use of enjambment create a free flowing poem that suggests that it is very natural, similar to the sea. Phrases like sway and wander and wavers and fades also recreate the waves of the sea, setting the scene of the battleground. The author has incorporated a variety of symbols and imagery to add depth to the poem, writing a more thoughtful tribute. There is irony in the title Beach Burial as the beach is usually associated with fun and enjoyable memories, not devastating ones. The word nakedness in And tread the sand upon their nakedness; depicts the soldiers as being exposed to the elements and therefore vulnerable. And each cross, the driven stake of tidewood. The cross is a symbol of Christs suffering and pain of war, and the stake represents destruction and evil. Purple drips signifies royalty, suggesting that these men should be treated like kings after the service theyve put into their country. Kenneth Slessor has produced a solemn and sincere poem to soldiers that died at war during WWII. He has conveyed the unity between soldiers of all nations through literary devices and techniques.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Free Essays on Street Crime V. White Collar Crime

Does Street Crime Pose More of a Threat to the Public’s Well-Being Than White Collar Crime? Computer Crimes versus Robbery Computer crime is a relatively new phenomenon with its conception being in the last half of the twentieth century. A computer crime is â€Å"any offense where the modus operandi or signature involves the use of a computer network in any way† (Casey, 2003, p259). The latter is a broad definition including many offenses such as social security fraud, embezzlement, piracy, and many more. Robbery, on the other hand, has been around much longer and more people are familiar with it. The Bureau of Justice Statistics defines robbery as â€Å"the completed or attempted theft, directly from a person, of property or cash by force or threat of force, with or without a weapon, and with or without injury† (2002). To determine the detriment to society of either computer crime or robbery, several aspects must be taken into consideration, including the victims, offenses, laws set forth for both, deterrence, punishments, and cost. In all, after discussing the previous issues invol ved in computer crimes and robbery, it will be apparent that the greater detriment to society comes from computer crimes. Victims of computer crimes are very different from victims of robberies. Computer crimes, because of the very nature of computers, have the ability to affect more people than any one robbery. Although the effects are more personal in robberies, the effects are much more widespread and serious with computer crimes. Not only do computer crimes affect people in the area they occur; their effects can be seen throughout the state, country, and sometimes even internationally. In his speech, Senator Biden stated that â€Å"if we are unable to preserve investors confidence, the markets will plunge and with them the health of our economy† (2002). From this it is apparent the severity of computer crimes and other white-collar... Free Essays on Street Crime V. White Collar Crime Free Essays on Street Crime V. White Collar Crime Does Street Crime Pose More of a Threat to the Public’s Well-Being Than White Collar Crime? Computer Crimes versus Robbery Computer crime is a relatively new phenomenon with its conception being in the last half of the twentieth century. A computer crime is â€Å"any offense where the modus operandi or signature involves the use of a computer network in any way† (Casey, 2003, p259). The latter is a broad definition including many offenses such as social security fraud, embezzlement, piracy, and many more. Robbery, on the other hand, has been around much longer and more people are familiar with it. The Bureau of Justice Statistics defines robbery as â€Å"the completed or attempted theft, directly from a person, of property or cash by force or threat of force, with or without a weapon, and with or without injury† (2002). To determine the detriment to society of either computer crime or robbery, several aspects must be taken into consideration, including the victims, offenses, laws set forth for both, deterrence, punishments, and cost. In all, after discussing the previous issues invol ved in computer crimes and robbery, it will be apparent that the greater detriment to society comes from computer crimes. Victims of computer crimes are very different from victims of robberies. Computer crimes, because of the very nature of computers, have the ability to affect more people than any one robbery. Although the effects are more personal in robberies, the effects are much more widespread and serious with computer crimes. Not only do computer crimes affect people in the area they occur; their effects can be seen throughout the state, country, and sometimes even internationally. In his speech, Senator Biden stated that â€Å"if we are unable to preserve investors confidence, the markets will plunge and with them the health of our economy† (2002). From this it is apparent the severity of computer crimes and other white-collar...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Drugs and brain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Drugs and brain - Research Paper Example It is advisable to take legal drugs for recreation since the bureau of standards checks them whereas illegal drugs may be unfit for human consumption since no standardization is done. Drugs acts on the brain by altering the normal functioning of the body which can be either sudden or with time. Normally, the brain communicates through neurotransmitters, which are recycled once they have performed their function. When a drug is introduced in to the human body, it leads to excess transmitters in the brain since it inhibits their recycling and this result to exaggerated functioning of the brain leading to the visual or psychological effects of the drug. Drugs are chemical substances that alter the normal functioning of the body. People take drugs with different motives, some follow doctors prescription while others take drugs for pleasure. Drugs can be either legal or illegal. Legal drugs include medicines, which are taken to relief the body from pain and illnesses and recreational drugs like beer, and cigarettes, which are taken for pleasure. Drugs can either be manufactured like or obtained naturally. For example, medicines like Aspirin and paracetamol and recreational drugs like beer and heroine are manufactured drugs while most herbal medicines and recreational drugs like tobacco are obtained naturally (Watts, 2004). The human brain is part of the nervous system enclosed in the cranium and consists of a soft convoluted mass of gray and white matter weighing around three pounds. The brain is the most necessity in human beings since it controls every functioning of the body. The human brain is divided into three main parts, the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem and each part performs a specific function. The cerebrum is the outermost part of the brain and divided in to four sections called lobes. Lobes are responsible for processing signals from our senses thus enabling us to see, smell,